For example, Nick Bostrom, in defence of transhumanism, says that “ranshumanists counter that nature's gifts are sometimes poisoned and should not always be accepted. The more dystopian aspects of transhumanism, however, become fully expressed in relation to ageing and old age, where the limits to human nature overwhelm techno-scientific attempts to control it. Transhumanism can be considered as a philosophical worldview whose origins can be traced to the European Enlightenment, where powerful tenets about reason, progress, liberty, science, and individualism were combined with new forms of state governance and biopolitical rationalities (see Ferrando, 2013). These conditions assert that aging is a disease augmentation and enhancement to the human body and brain are essential for survival, and that human life is not restricted to any one form or environment” (Vita-More, 2020). As stated in its manifesto, 1 the transhumanist movement “challenges the issue of human aging and the finality of death by advocating three conditions. Modern efforts to stave off ageing and prolong long-life developed into various pseudo-scientific experiments with rejuvenation and life-extension (Haber, 2001/2 Marshall & Katz, 2002 Squier, 2004), and are the precursor to today's transhumanist movement. Magical pools and bodies of water that could restore youth have also been part of historical myth, with The Fountain of Youth pursued by Spanish conquistador Ponce de Leon in the Americas perhaps the most notorious example. The quest for immortality and eternal youth in human history dates back as far back as Ancient Greece, with tales of exceptionally long-lived humans and mythical substances with youth-promoting powers (Gruman, 1966 Katz, 2005). Conclusions consider the wider implications of biohacking by pointing out four important issues that frame our cultural ambivalence about ageing: the tension between biohacking's supposedly liberating enhancement technologies and their obeisance to a tyranny of self-disciplinary practices and the authority of bio-data the social meaning of biohacking hierarchies of human value, based on modifiable fitness and enhanceable performance the implications of the biohacking program for gendered ageism and the ethical limits of biohacking, not only in terms of potential harms to a person but what it can mean to exceed the natural limits of life. The argument traces how the historical and scientific body technologies of molecularisation, functional age, optimisation, and quantification made possible the biohacking vision of the ageing body as amenable to modification, enhancement and improvement beyond its natural limits. It focuses on the organising principles underlying the biohacking movement's relationship to ageing and technoscience.

This article is a critical interdisciplinary study of biohacking as a specific case of transhumanism and its goals of enhancement and age intervention.

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